The saffron is extensively applied in the recent biomedical studies for investigating its protective effects on age-related diseases. Saffron possesses a number of medicinally important properties, such as antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, antitussive, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, antioxidant, anticancer, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory effects. Mohammad-Hossein Boskabady, ... Azam Alavinezhad, in Saffron, 2020. Crocus sativus, commonly called saffron crocus, is a fall-blooming crocus from which the spice saffron is harvested. Saffron has been cultivated in various parts of the world for more than 4000 years. According to experts, saffron was documented for the first time in an Assyrian botanical reference in the seventh century BC. This chapter is devoted to different aspects of the molecular biology of Crocus sativus, including flower development, gametogenesis, secondary metabolites, and response to environmental stimuli. To harvest the saffron remove the bright red stigmas and use fresh or dry and store in air-tight containers for later use. Find a sunny, well-drained spot and plant them in a group as soon as you receive them in late August or … Dry saffron is highly sensitive to changes in pH and rapidly breaks down chemically in the presence of light and oxidizing agents. This chapter will present a glimpse of the current status, origin, history, distribution, production, folk uses, phytochemistry, therapeutics of saffron, and progress made in Crocus sativus genomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, metagenomics, bioinformatics, miRNomics, etc., while their integratome omics approach will provide a useful framework in which synergies can be explored for gaining the insight into the systemic and comprehensive saffron biology and its future genetic progress can be employed by genome modification and genome engineering (through CRISPR-Cas) of target candidate genes. The plants undergo estivating during spring. Flowers close at night. It probably descends from the eastern Mediterranean autumn-flowering Crocus cartwrightianus which is also known as "wild saffron" and originated in Crete or Central Asia. Planting density determines the capacity for reproduction of the Crocus Sativus bulb. C. thomasii and C. pallasii are other possible sources. It is unknown in the wild and is a product of 3500 years of selective breeding by several different civilizations. Several studies confirm the medicinal effects of the plant as well as indicate its mechanisms of action. Crocus sativus (L.) is a perennial plant classified under the genus Crocus. The leaves are narrow and grass-like and appear shortly before flowering. Therefore, it must be stored in airtight containers to prevent exposure to atmospheric oxygen (Ahmed et al., 2010). Currently, whole genome sequence of Crocus sativus is lacking, but its transcriptome provides deeper insights into the genes of apocarotenoid and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways and yet explored, insights into the metagenome of the plant. Many popular hybrids of this crocus have been developed over the years. Problems: Subject to fungal disease if the blooming period coincides with a wet period or root rot if planted in a wet location. Color: Lilac-purple Bloom Time: Fall. The corms should be planted 4 inches apart and 4 inches deep in well-drained soil with moderate levels of organic matter in full sun. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. This expensive and labor-intensive spice is used to dye fabricbut mostly to flavor foods. Saffron or Crocus (Crocus sativum) is a perennial plant native to Iran since ancient times and naturalized throughout the Mediterranean region and East Asia.This plant is low-rise, from 10 to 25cm., Developed from corms.A corm is a bulbous tuberous structure, 2.5 -3cm. NC State University and N.C. A&T State University work in tandem, along with federal, state and local governments, to Cooperative Extension, which staffs local offices in all 100 counties and with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. Scientific Classification. Krokos. It has been grown as a spice and a dye since ancient … …white, autumn-flowering saffron crocus (Crocus sativus) of western Asia. It belongs to the family Iridaceae of the order Asparagales. May Have Cancer-Fighting Properties. The flowers are sterile. Dr Willmar Schwabe India Crocus Sativus Mother Tincture is helpful in treatment of haemorrhages and many types of nervous system ailments. Bronchodilation was previously reported as one of the preventive effects of saffron and its derivatives on respiratory diseases. The main biologically active ingredients of saffron are known to be crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranal. cashmirianus. Although saffron has been fully studied and literature reports are available, till now, large scopes of future clinical and preclinical investigations exist to discover its ability in age-related diseases. Botanical: Crocus sativus Family: N.O. American saffron actually refers to safflower, Carthamus tinctorius, whose flower heads yield a dye used as an adulterant to true saffron. Crocus sativus L. or saffron has been widely used since ancient times as flavoring and coloring agents and also in traditional medicine. Crocus sativus, commonly known as saffron crocus, or autumn crocus, is a species of flowering plant of the Crocus genus in the iris family Iridaceae. It is also known as kesar or zafran in Hindi and zafrah in … Each corm produces several flowers. C. sativus, native to southern Europe and Asia, is a small showy, bulbous perennial, 6–10 inches high, with violet to bluish lily-shaped flowers.. Culture. The blooming season is short, perhaps 14 days in the fall. - 0 ft. 10 in. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Most … Each bulb every year forms 2 or 3 new ones.Th… - 0 ft. 4 in. Initially, people cultivated saffron by selecting the specimens with exceptionally long stigmas. The studies also detail the mechanisms used to enact these effects. Crocus sativus is a CORM growing to 0.1 m (0ft 4in) by 0.1 m (0ft 4in). The major components of Crocus sativus stigma are the apocarotenoids like, picrocrocin (responsible for bitter taste), crocin, crocetin (responsible for bright natural color), and the odor-active safranal, which among > 150 volatile and aroma-yielding compounds, contribute to the color, bitter flavor, and aroma so typical of saffron. Although cultivated since ancient times, the native habitat of this crocus is unknown. Finally, interactions of saffron with beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms and response to abiotic stress are discussed. The saffron flowers have a wide variety of colors, ranging from a pale pastel shade of lilac to a darker and streaky mauve. The natural ancestor of saffron crocus was known as Crocus cartwrightianus, which has its roots in Central Asia. When plants are in full blossom, their height averages to 20–30 cm and bears up to four flowers, each with three dark red to reddish brown stigmas (25 and 30 mm long; Ahmed et al., 2010). First, the characterized MADS-box genes involved in flower development in saffron and studies on gametogenesis and interspecific crossing are summarized. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), whose dried stigmas have been used since ancient times as a spice, food colorant, and for medicinal purposes, has shown a range of pharmacological actions, possibly owing to many different active constituents. Then, the biochemical pathways involved in the production of the apocarotenoids, which are the main metabolites giving the specific color, odor, and taste of saffron, and the molecular studies that identified key genes and genetic regulators that control these pathways in saffron are presented. The results from experimental studies of saffron prove that further clinical investigations are needed to take advantage of the multiple pharmacological effects of this plant for the treatment of respiratory disorders. The study results included in this chapter show that C. sativus and its derivatives have relaxing effects on different smooth muscles, especially tracheal smooth muscles, as well as preventive effects for respiratory diseases. In texts of Ayurveda the herb Crocus Sativus or kumkuma or saffron is grouped under “Varnya” gana. Q5: Name the largest single flower in the world. Family: Iridaceae Subfamily: Crocoideae Genus: Crocus. Karcom. Crocus Saffron , used for dye, seasoning, and medicine, is the dried feathery orange tip of the pistils of the lilac or white, autumn-flowering saffron crocus ( Crocus sativus ) of western Asia. The bioactive constituents of saffron are crocin, crocetin, safranal, and picrocrocin. Alireza Seifi, Hajar Shayesteh, in Saffron, 2020. Price: (as of - Details) Home gardening Plants, Seeds & Bulbs Jumbo Saffron Crocus Sativus Corms (2 Bulbs) for Home and Garden Yard Plant Easy to Grow gardening Plants, Seeds & Bulbs Jumbo Saffron Crocus Sativus Corms (2 Bulbs) for Home and Garden Yard Plant … The term "autumn crocus" is also used for species in the Colchicumgenus, which strongly resemble crocuses. The Saffron Crocus (Crocus sativus) is a surprisingly easy-to-grow flower that adds a splash of color in the fall, when this plant blooms. N.C. In C. sativus, both stigma and style are inte We use cookies to enhance your … Flower. It is also effective against chorea … This chapter discusses the effects of saffron and its constituents in acute, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain animal models. To date, there is still not sufficient evidence to confirm the efficacy of saffron’s bioactive components on cognitive decline prevention or dementia treatment, but preclinical and preliminary clinical data are encouraging. Saffron or Crocus sativus L. is an autumn-flowering perennial plant and its major derivatives are safranal, crocin, and crocetin. The saffron crocus (Crocus sativus) has a reverse vegetative cycle, planting in late August — early September, leaves appear in late September and the plant blooms in October — November, then stands green all winter and then dries up until May-June of the next year; The saffron crocus (Crocus sativus) is a sterile plant. This chapter highlights the experimental and clinical evidence of the antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of saffron and its derivatives, including safranal, crocin and crocetin. As a genetically monomorphic clone, it slowly propagated throughout much of Eurasia. Saffron crocus may have first appeared in Greece as a sterile triploid form that was selected from C. cartwrightianus. FIGURE 3.1. Due to their beneficial effects, saffron and these derivatives could be used to increase the effectiveness of therapy treatment for multiple diseases. Saffron: its constituents and neuropharmacological effects. The domesticated saffron crocus, Crocus sativus, is an autumn-flowering perennial plant unknown in the wild. The alpine species, C. vernus, is the chief ancestor of the common garden crocus. Saffron, a spice derived from the flower of C. sativus, contains three bioactive compounds—crocin, crocetin, and saffranal—that exert antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects on the CNS (Khazdair et al., 2015). The saffron crocus is a fall blooming corm that is grown extensively in southeastern Asia and parts of the Mediterranean region. Saffron is known as the “Golden Condiment” being the world’s highest priced spice (€30,000 /kg) which is derived from its dry stigmas. A5: Rafflesia arnoldii or … It is best known for producing the spice saffron from the filaments that grow inside the flower. Saffron is mostly used as a spice and food colorant and, less extensively, as a textile dye or perfume (Fernandez, 2004). Plant in borders, walkways, rock gardens or in mass plantings. When harvested and dried, these stigmas create saffron, the … Whole Plant Traits… The corms of the domesticated saffron are basically petite brown balls or globules growing up to 4.5 cm or 1.8 inches in diameter (Ahmed et al., 2010). In this context, several animal and clinical studies and in vitro studies have been designed to investigate the antiaging effects of saffron and its main component(s) and also find out the underlying mechanisms that are responsible for its therapeutic effects and eventually introduce a novel agent to inhibit or improve the age-related disorders. Clinical trial studies have been also shown the saffron possesses fruitful effects in age-related eye abnormalities. It is hardy to zone (UK) 6 and is not frost tender. It is questionable whether … Saffron Crocus (Crocus sativus) brightens up fall with soft lilac-violet flowers. The planting depth of Crocus Sativus is important and has a great impact on the flowering yield. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.): phytochemistry, therapeutic significance and omics-based biology, Antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of saffron and its derivatives, Neuropharmacology Effects of Saffron (Crocus sativus) and Its Active Constituents, Bioactive Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements in Neurological and Brain Disease, Crocus sativus L. (saffron) extract antioxidant potential and use in aging, Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety, Liakopoulou-kyriakides and kyriakidis, 2002, Saffron, its main derivatives, and their effects on the respiratory system, Nootropics, Functional Foods, and Dietary Patterns for Prevention of Cognitive Decline, Nutrition and Functional Foods for Healthy Aging, Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Crocus sativus L. (Saffron). This chapter highlights the effects of saffron and its derivatives on respiratory disorders in animal and cellular models. Each flower has six purple to lavender lily-like petals with three long style branches tipped with reddish-orange protruding stigmas. In Spain & Italy the most common planting depth of Crocus Sativus would be 15 to 20 CM (6 to 8 Inches). its life cycle to maximize on yield and productivity. Marjan Nassiri-Asl, Hossein Hosseinzadeh, in Bioactive Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements in Neurological and Brain Disease, 2015. Squirrels, mice and other rodents may eat the corms. It has been cultivated in South Asia mainly by Kashmiri and Chinese, anywhere between 2500 and 900 years ago. Crocus officinalis, Crocus orsinii, Crocus pendulus, Crocus setifolius, Geanthus autumnalis, Safran officinarum. Each stigma weighs about 2 mg, therefore, approximately 150,000 flowers are required to produce 1 kg of saffron. BOTANICAL NAME: Crocus sativus ... PLANT DESCRIPTION Saffron Crocus is a pretty bulb with purple flowers, each with three stigmas. Read our Commitment to Diversity | Read our Privacy Statement. Description. Saffron crocus … It also improves memory and learning skills and prevents and delays Alzheimer’s disease by inhibiting amyloid fibril formation. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Crocus sativus plants require strict agroclimatic conditions for their growth; these conditions influence the quality of the spice (Liakopoulou-kyriakides and kyriakidis, 2002). Species plants and hybrids are commonly called Dutch crocus, large flowering crocus, giant crocus or spring crocus. In this process, C. sativus emerged in the later phase of the Bronze Age in Crete. Harvested by hand from each flower, over 75,000 crocus flowers produce just 1 pound of saffron. However, crocuses have 3 stamens and 3 styles, while colchicums have 6 stamens and 1 style, and belong to a different family, Colc… Family Iridaceae Genus Crocus are dwarf, deciduous perennials growing from a corm, with linear leaves usually with a silvery central stripe, and … Crocus sativus is a sterile triploid, existing only in cultivation, which is probably derived from the wild species C. cartwrightianus Herbert. It is also known as kesar or zafran in Hindi and zafrah in Arabic and Persian (Katariya et al., 2011). Crocus sativus is a perennial plant… Cultivation; Medicinal Action and Uses; Preparations---Synonyms---Crocus. Leaves are seen towards the base of the stem and are compactly arranged, flowers - either 2 to 3 flowers are in a bunch or one solitary flower is found … Width: 0 ft. 2 in. Francesco Bonetti, ... Giovanni Zuliani, in Nutrition and Functional Foods for Healthy Aging, 2017. Saeed Samarghandian, ... Tayebeh Zeinali, in Aging (Second Edition), 2020. Saffron is high in antioxidants, which help neutralize … Description. Allodynia and hyperalgesia induced by chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI) were reversed by ethanolic and aqueous extracts as well as safranal. Description. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, sex (including pregnancy), disability, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, and veteran status. 5-11 linear upright green leaves up to 16 inches long appear from the corm prior to blooming. The terpenoids (Saponins) are present in corms and flavonoids (glycosidic derivatives of quercetin and kaempferol) in flowers. The saffron plant gives rise from 5 to 11 slender and almost vertical green leaves, with each of them growing up to 40 cm or 16 inches in length. Due to interactions with dopaminergic, cholinergic, and glutamatergic systems, it has been proposed as an integration in the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders, especially AD and PD (Khazdair et al., 2015). Crocus sativus L. is a flowering plant in the Iridaceae family and is commonly known as saffron (Figure 3.1). In AD patients, saffron supplementation has obtained short-term improvement of cognition measured with neuropsychological testing (Akhondzadeh et al., 2010). Saffron is a species of crocus that is grown for its prized stamens. The alpine species, C. vernus, is the chief ancestor of the common garden crocus. Crocus Species: sativus Family: Iridaceae Uses (Ethnobotany): Has been used medicinally by several cultures Life Cycle: Bulb Perennial Recommended Propagation Strategy: Division Dimensions: Height: 0 ft. 6 in. Reproduction of Crocus Sativus … Synonyms Crocus sativus var. The purple buds emerge and give flower during autumn. You can collect the stigmas to … (Arabian) Zaffer. This plant and its derivatives are used in the treatment of various diseases. Crocus vernus is an early spring blooming bulb (actually a corm) that is primarily native to high alpine areas in Europe (Pyrenees, Alps and Carpathians). in diameter, with whitish coated fibers and earthy color.The saffron bulb has a reproductive function, since it grows up every year after losing his aerial part in winter. General introduction • Even if saffron is an expensive spice known as red gold, growing it is however … Dutch yellow crocus (C. flavus), … The species is … It belongs to the family Iridaceae of the order Asparagales. form a strategic partnership called N.C. Mohammad-Hossein Boskabady, ... Jalil Tavakol-Afshari, in Saffron, 2020. It is in leaf from October to May, in flower in October. The corms will multiply each year and can be divided to produce more plants. Available experimental studies have shown that saffron and its main constituents have protective effects again stage-related diseases in the central nervous system, liver, kidney, and skin. Saffron is produced from the stigmas and styles of Crocus sativus flowers and is one of the most expensive spices. Saffron bulbs, or Crocus sativus, are known to be one of the most valuable plants to grow, not only for their show-stopping garden performance and wonderful deep lilac-purple autumn colour, but the saffron spice (also aptly known as the Red Gold) which is harvested from the Crocus sativus … Usually, a corm is able to survive only for one season. Saffron has been used in traditional medicine in different countries for various purposes such as an analgesic, sedative, fever reducer, treatment for pertussis and asthma, expectorant, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, digestive, and carminative (Hosseinzadeh and Nassiri-Asl, 2013). Extracts of Crocus sativus, a plant belonging to the Iridaceas family, have shown promising neuroprotective activities in experimental studies. One corm is broken up into 10 parts (or “cormlets”), and each of these divisions gives rise to a new plant. Currently, almost all saffron is grown in a belt bound by the Mediterranean to the West and the rugged region encompassing Iran and Kashmir to the East (Dalby, 2002, 2003). Nafees Ahmed, ... Mohamed E. Wagih, in Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety, 2016. Commonly known as saffron, Crocus sativus L and its active components have shown several useful pharmacological effects such as anticonvulsant, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, … Varnya means the one which imparts fairness and glow to skin (Easy … Iridaceae. Crocus sativus L., commonly known as saffron, has many medicinal and nutritional uses. Producing antioxidant, inflammatory and immune effects, C. sativus enhances the antioxidant capacity, acts as a free radical scavenger, and modulates inflammatory mediators, humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity responses. CCI significantly increased the lumbar spinal cord levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6) and malondialdehyde (MDA) as a lipid peroxidation product, an effect normalized by saffron extracts. Traditionally, it has been used as a drug alternative in the treatment of different diseases. Bahareh Amin, Hossein Hosseinzadeh, in Bioactive Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements in Neurological and Brain Disease, 2015. The vividly colored flowers of saffron appear only in October. Saffron and its main constituents have antioxidant, antiinflammation, and antiapoptotic characteristics presenting significant protective effects in age-related diseases. Botanical Description : It is a shrub. Deepu Pandita, in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2021. ---Part Used---Flower pistils. Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) is an economically vital medicinal and aromatic plant. In India, saffron is cultivated in Kashmir valley on uplands (“Karewas” at an altitude of 15851677 m above sea level) and Kishtwar region of Jammu and Kashmir State. C. sativus is a perennial herb cultivated in several countries of mild and dry climate, such as Iran, India, Greece, Morocco, Spain, Italy, Turkey, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, China, and Egypt. Crocus sativus, commonly known as saffron crocus, is a delicate-looking lavender plant that produces sought-after stigmas. Crocus sativus (L.) is a perennial plant classified under the genus Crocus. Because the purple flowers of saffron are of the sterile triploid variety and are unable to produce fertile seeds for reproduction, this plant has to rely on humans to dig up the corms or underground bulb-like parts, break apart the corms, and replant them.
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